Wilkes University Admissions SAT Scores, Costs More

Understanding The Dynamics Of Obedience - 1683 Words

boys reducing feelings of prejudice and discrimination among them, as they all worked as equals. This particular approach of using teamwork to reduce prejudice could be applied in schools today. If staff members created conditions that encouraged students to work as team, a sense of one may establish among the children decreasing discriminating occurrences. Common activities in schools today such as basketball and dodge ball create in-group and out-group competition ultimately fuelling prejudice and discrimination among children. Eliminating these games from popularity and encouraging activities that require everyone to work as one team could help restore children’s sense of community and equality. 3. In 1963 Stanley Milgram performed several experiments motivated to understand the dynamics of obedience. He created a simulated shock generator, which consisted of a large box with 30 switches labelled for each specific shock levels. During the experiment participants believed they were administering painful electric shocks using this device, unknowing that it was simulated and that the learners were confederates in the study. Milgram found that 65 % of participants obeyed when they were pressured, had lack of responsibility and/or were appraised by the teacher for their compliance. These findings suggest that obedience may not be a result of the kind of person you are but rather the type of situations you are positioned in. For instance, when individuals are pressured toShow MoreRelatedEvaluation Of An Immersive Video Environment910 Words   |  4 Pagesparticipants were given questionnaires to scale their personality tendencies. In an immersive video environment, the participants who showed more immersion were also those who obeyed less. As a total, thirty-two percent of the participants showed full obedience, and went up to 450 volts. General result showed that participants obeyed more when the victim was hidden, regardless of the victim’s race. From the view of ethnicity, although there was no significant difference, participants reacted with less anxietyRead MoreUnequal Cultural Traditions And Generations : The Joy Luck Club986 Words   |  4 PagesJing-Mei â€Å"June† Woo, Rose Hsu Jordan, Waverly Jong, and Lena St. Clair all have dynamic relationships that are evolving. In the novel, The Joy Luck Club by Amy Tan, man’s relationship with his fellow man is unequal due to cultural traditions and generations. Elements of Chinese culture include obedience and the idea of marriage. Because the mothers grew up in China and were raised upon tradition, they base their views on obedience and Swanson 2 it is a large aspect in their lives that they follow and teachRead MoreA Code Of Ethics Limits The Development Of Psychological Theory Essay1499 Words   |  6 Pagesviewpoints will be provided both for and against this claim, as well as an evaluation of the impact in adhering to these ethical principles for researchers. One such research study to be criticised on the basis of ethical behaviour was designed to study obedience and authority using human participants (Milgram, 1961). In the presence of an authoritarian figure, participants were asked to administer increasingly intensifying electric shocks to another volunteer on each occasion a question was answered incorrectlyRead MoreA Critique Of Le Bon s The Crowd1648 Words   |  7 Pagesthem solely because they were successful in inspiring crowds with those fanatical sentiments which have as result that men find their happiness in worship and obedience and are ready to lay down their lives for their idol.† (Le Bon, 1897) Published in 1897, Le Bon’s work was groundbreaking; it was the first attempt at a scientific understanding of the mob mentality. He approached the subject as both a psychological and social phenomenon; he claimed that, that under certain circumstances, a crowd willRead MoreAnalysis Of 15 By William Saul1211 Words   |  5 PagesSatisfaction of the Lord. The struggle between obedience to God and obedience to the people forms the major issue in this text. Historically the Israelites had looked to prophets as their leaders who were obedient to God; however with introduction of a king their is more pressure for that king to be obedient the his people especially since he lacks the unique relationship with God that the prophets had. Lacking the connection is what pushes Saul to have more obedience to the people then he does to God. Read MoreHow Can Organizations Trust Their Instruments Case Study819 Words   |  4 Pagesâ€Å"what-ifs† to test and train with each. Similar to the way that aircrew teams train for what-ifs and degraded modes in the flight simulator, your team also needs to do this. The last thing you want or need is for a team member to be overwhelmed or lack understanding when the pressure is on. If they are just learning a procedure or if they are missing information at a vital time of business, this may lead to them making serious errors in judgment. This process of learning and simulating is ultimately up toRead MoreRole Of A Marketing Strategy For A Global Brand911 Words   |  4 PagesThe Role of Culture While business strategy plays a key role in successful collaboration and building a global brand, understanding the culture of the country being invested in is paramount. The culture dictates the methodology and approach for numerous operating models and a lack of research and understanding of the culture can quickly lead to demise for a company seeking to expand. A considerable amount of companies fail to complete substantial or intensive research before expanding their businessesRead MoreReflective Group Dynamics Essay964 Words   |  4 Pagesand who, thus, are held together and set apart from others by virtue of their interaction† (p. 400). The communicate that takes place between members of the group is group dynamic (Kozier et al, 2010). Motivation for participation and similarity of other group members and the goals of the group will affect the group dynamic (Kozier et al, 2010). The type of group that was created was a task group and Kozier et al (2010) stated that â€Å"the focus for such group is completion of a specific task, andRead MoreThe Era Between 350 And 310 Bc929 Words   |  4 Pagesof Greek citizens changed because of their defeat; they were now an individualistic, rational and secular society. People were no longer viewing the law as â€Å"an expression of sacred traditions ordained by the gods† but now saw it as merely mortal, obedience to the law faded, leading to a weakened society (Perry 46). The pride and duty of the polis mentality dwindled and emotional and political ties to the city weakened. Subsequently, Alexander the Great’s conquests, in 330 BC, moved the Greek civilizationRead MoreMain Theme Of Antigone942 Words   |  4 PagesThemes are important to any story; they give the reader a sense of background and understanding when it comes to the events unfolding in the story. Many literary works include multiple themes, all of which convey  important ideas about humanity and the way that society func tions. In  Antigone  by Sophocles, themes exist such as determination, the conflict between conscience and law, the conflict between divine and human law, and familial loyalty.  One key and central theme of Antigone is the importance

The History Of The Food Choice Negotiations Education Essay Free Essays

string(140) " Measurement of organic nutrient was reflected in the ability to run into single ‘s demands, household demands and ends of ingestion\." To offer a representation of the organic nutrient pick procedure based on the findings of this survey, a conceptual theoretical account was drawn up ( Figure 1 ) . The theoretical account consists of 4 cardinal concepts ( personal properties, personal context, nutrient values and external influences ) that contribute to the factors involved in nutrient pick dialogues. Food brushs vary harmonizing to single experiences. We will write a custom essay sample on The History Of The Food Choice Negotiations Education Essay or any similar topic only for you Order Now These experiences are enriched as life style, age and personal demands alteration over clip. Based on experiences shared by participants on their nutrient pick behavior, the alteration in nutrient picks based on age and careful considerations due to income capacity was noted in nutrient pick considerations. Though minimum mentions associating gender types to organic nutrient pick were highlighted, the function that adult females played as cardinal nutrient pick shapers showed its impact on organic nutrient pick. In this survey, the undermentioned facets of personal context peculiarly the individuality assumed by participants was noted to act upon organic nutrient picks made. To exemplify the procedures involved in organic nutrient pick, factors of influence identified were evaluated for similar effects based on its properties and the nature of its impact. Common factors were categorised into subjects and labelled consequently. Based on the combined findings obtained from the impact of factors of influence, nutrient pick dialogue spiels and organic nutrient perceptual experiences and attitudes, a representation of the organic nutrient pick procedure was developed. A theoretical account picturing the flow of organic nutrient pick was proposed and used to depict the procedure of organic nutrient pick happening among Singaporeans. Choices made sing organic nutrients, like other nutrient types are based on attitudes and perceptual experiences held towards it. These form ideas about organic nutrient that guide involvement degrees and purchase purpose. When sing organic nutrient picks, several factors of influence are known to be involved in the dialogue procedure. These factors are deliberated at changing degrees depending on its associated grade of significance. In placing the factors of influence involved in organic nutrient pick, themes extracted from participants ‘ conversations were evaluated for common togss and categorised for a better representation of its influence. The following are the thematic groups categorised based on the assorted factors of influence. An analysis of motives for and against organic nutrient pick was conducted through interviews with participants. The interviews offered a deeper apprehension of organic nutrient perceptual experiences as participants shared in item the assorted considerations and value fond regards involved in organic nutrient determination devising. The significance of values is evident as participants often focused on selected grounds for involvement or deficiency of involvement in organic nutrients. Value dialogues emerge in the conversations as participants attempt to warrant their sentiments and judgements on organic nutrient within the local context. This uncovers cardinal values involved in organic nutrient pick considerations and provides the footing for farther probe. Value dialogues were observed in many participants ‘ nutrient pick considerations. The demand to run into demands, fulfill demands and satisfy penchants guided value considerations. Valuess were re-evaluated for prioritisation to simplify determinations. Lowered outlooks held for certain values were besides noted in accomplishing desired results in concluding determinations. In the procedure of nutrient dialogue, several schemes were adopted by participants in their efforts to decide value struggles happening during organic nutrient pick considerations. These schemes involved equilibrating Acts of the Apostless such as irregular purchase or purchase of limited assortments of organic nutrients and prioritisation of values harmonizing to state of affairss. Based on this survey, similar values in struggle were observed among several participants in changing state of affairss. Common values such as affordability, wellness, nutrient safety and convenience often dominated nutrient pick considerations peculiarly with respects to organic nutrient pick. These common values including others that were invovled in nutrient dialogues among participants were identified as nucleus values responsible for organic nutrient pick considerations. Assorted factors of influence impacting organic nutrient pick were described by participants in this interview. The impact of these factors ranged from personal context, merchandise offerings to the consequence of external influences. Participants shared on what organic nutrients offered them, concentrating on merchandise properties and the impact external influences had on their picks. Percepts of organic nutrient were besides noted as participants describe their sentiments and experienced with organic nutrient. Their attitude towards organic nutrient was noted as they shared on the impact of external factors on their determination to buy organic nutrient. Reasons for involvement and disinterest in organic nutrient highlighted participant ‘s attitudes towards organic nutrient pick. Reasons for involvement in organic nutrient revolved around the benefits conferred by the merchandise attributes of organic nutrient. Naturalness, higher alimentary belongingss and enhanced centripetal entreaty of organic nutrient were responsible for increased involvement in organic merchandises. These properties besides formed the footing for conditional purchase of organic nutrients for several participants. The function of participants in life, peculiarly as household members and parents were seen to play an of import portion in nutrient pick determination devising. The individuality adopted in assorted state of affairss guided the values sought for when sing nutrient picks and organic nutrient was considered based on carry throughing cardinal values such as wellness and nutrient safety. For some participants, changing involvement degrees in organic nutrients was influenced by external influences such as handiness of organic merchandises, handiness of organic shops, societal influences and cost. Interestingly, deficiency of involvement in organic nutrients was besides attributed by similar external influences every bit good. These were considered under conditional fortunes and weighed based on single capacity and demands. The factors of influence identified were deliberated against personal nutrient values held by participants. These nutrient values played important functions in the considerations made towards organic nutrients picks. In contemplating the organic nutrient pick, personal nutrient values of nutrient safety, wellness, entreaty, ethical belief, trust, cognition, relationships, affordability and convenience were used as criterions against which organic nutrients were measured. Measurement of organic nutrient was reflected in the ability to run into single ‘s demands, household demands and ends of ingestion. You read "The History Of The Food Choice Negotiations Education Essay" in category "Essay examples" III Food pick dialogues Scripts related to personal nutrient values and factors of influence were closely examined for happenings of outlooks, comparings, need fulfillment and balancing Acts of the Apostless taking topographic point as people considered organic nutrients. Using discourse analysis, a thorough scrutiny of selected books was conducted to foreground value dialogues happening as participants weigh their demands against the merchandise offerings of organic nutrient. As participants consider their picks in visible radiation of on-going external influences such as the local nutrient context, resource capacities and societal dealingss, schemes adopted to make a balanced point of view or considered determination are uncovered. These schemes and dialogue forms offer a clearer apprehension of the nutrient pick procedure involved for organic nutrient merchandises. Organic nutrient pick determinations are motivated by personal values which are embedded in nutrient experiences encountered in society. These personal nutrient values are formed harmonizing to people ‘s beliefs, demands and desires sing nutrient. These values are negotiated and compromised to bring forth a balance position that guides the perceptual experience and attitude of organic nutrients. To better understand the procedure of organic nutrient pick, a closer scrutiny of how personal nutrient values are considered in nutrient pick determinations was conducted. Below are selected remarks taken from interview books to exemplify the diverse and complex value dialogues that occur in organic nutrient pick considerations. In the first section of the interview session, participants were requested to portion their experiences and ideas on their current nutrient wonts. They were guided towards ideas on their nutrient pick behaviors such as types of nutrients preferred, common wonts when taking for nutrients, topographic points of purchase and willingness to seek new nutrient types. As these were approximately general nutrients wonts, it facilitated easiness of sharing. Understanding nutrient pick habits offers a broader position of the nutrient pick considerations of Singaporeans. Participants were so asked to portion on celebrated alterations in nutrient wonts happening in across their life. Food wonts and its alterations in life revealed factors of importance that influenced nutrient pick determinations. These besides offered insight into the personal nutrient values held by participants as organic nutrient picks were contemplated. Food pick behavior of participants in this survey were besides evaluated based on their involvement degrees in organic nutrients, penchant towards nutrient picks and experiences with nutrient. Due to the little figure of participants in this survey, findings from this analysis reflect some of the nutrient pick behavior of Singaporeans. Food pick wonts At the beginning of the interview, participants were requested to portion their nutrient purchasing wonts and purpose of purchase. Participants shared that nutrient picks made were based on nutrient beginning dependability, quality merchandises such as freshness, long term storage, pleasingness and good looking merchandises. Food picks were besides dependent on cooking manners peculiarly Asiatic cookery manners and culinary art. Food options revolved around handiness of merchandises suited for the coveted culinary art. Most participants mentioned trying to choose for healthy nutrient picks which included more veggies, whole nutrients and less processed nutrients. With respects to participants purchase purposes, run intoing wellness demands for betterment of current wellness status, recovery from unwellnesss and wellness bar intents were cited as cardinal considerations in nutrient picks made. This was peculiarly noted among nutrient picks made by participants with kids. Food picks were besides made based on kids ‘s gustatory sensation involvement and demands. Another ground mentioned for involvement in wellness nutrient wonts was involvement in fittingness. Several participants shared on their alterations in eating wonts based on involvement in losing weight, remaining tantrum and qui vive. The exposure to information on alternate nutrient picks such as organic nutrient was reported as grounds for alterations noted in nutrient picks. Increased handiness of information through the local media, health-related magazines and web site had raised people ‘s consciousness on populating a healthy life style. With the ability to do more informed nutrient pick determinations, alterations in nutrient choice wonts were mentioned. Past experiences with nutrient was observed to impact involvement in nutrient and affected nutrient picks over clip. The influence of parents on eating wonts was described by some participants as holding a permanent consequence on their nutrient picks. Some shared on wellness witting eating picks encouraged by parents while others mentioned limitations experienced in nutrient picks made by their parents. Some participants shared on their alterations in eating wonts as they transited from young person to adulthood. During young person, less attending was paid to wellness and picks were made to fulfill gustatory sensation and appetency. With age and higher disbursement power, more nutrient options were accessible. It was noted among several participants that with age, involvement in wellness consciousness was increased therefore taking to greater focal point on wellness nutrient options. Food experiences encountered during interaction with friends and people from assorted backgrounds were besides shared by participants. Some participants shared on their alterations in nutrient wonts after exposure to alternative nutrient beginnings such as organic nutrients during their stay overseas and the influence of interaction with organic nutrient advocators. Interest in organic nutrients Interest degrees in organic nutrients varied among participants for different grounds. Eighty-eight per centum of participants interviewed in this survey purchased organic nutrients at least one time a twelvemonth ( 16 purchased hebdomadally, 20 purchased at least one time a twelvemonth and 5 ne’er purchased organic nutrients ) . Participants who were interested in organic nutrients had positive experiences based on past organic nutrient ingestion and tests. Some were motivated by wellness grounds or were encouraged by friends and household. For others, involvement in organic nutrients was dependent on merchandise entreaty, temper, increasing presence of alternate picks. Curiosity and willingness to seek new types of nutrient were besides attributed to increasing involvement in organic nutrient merchandises. Some participants shared that organic nutrient pick had become a lifestyle alteration and continual involvement in organic nutrient as a nutrient wont was maintained throu gh exposure to more information on natural and organic nutrients. Those interested in organic nutrient exhibited personalities such as willingness to seek new nutrient types and openness to information about alternate nutrient types. Health witting behaviors, healthy feeding picks and willingness to go in hunt of healthy nutrient options were besides features described by those interested in devouring organic nutrients. Lack of involvement was noted in 12 % of participants who were deterred from buying organic nutrients due to common wonts of buying certain nutrient types, deficiency of a compelling ground to pass more on organic nutrients, big assortment of non-organic nutrient options available, absence of involvement, minimum apprehension of the benefits of organic nutrients, handiness and cost issues. Some participants shared that their deficiency of involvement was based on the absence of sufficient informations to turn out the benefits of organic nutrient promised. Higher cost and limited assortment available added to the neutrality experienced. Those who lack involvement in organic nutrients or ne’er considered organic nutrient options described themselves as non being adventuresome in seeking new nutrient types and preferred to adhere to habitual nutrient options. Some considered themselves conservative feeders while others were apathetic to new nutrient options due to past nutrient wonts. Drumhead Food pick behaviors are based on people ‘s wonts and involvement in nutrient. In this survey, participants shared their nutrient wonts, experiences and alterations observed over time.rephrase Interest in factors related to merchandise properties, run intoing the demands of peculiar culinary art and wellness attention were some of the cardinal focal point of nutrient pick. Fitness attention and involvement in carry throughing kids ‘s demands were besides cited as purchase purposes among participants. External factors that affected alterations in eating wonts included exposure to information on healthy nutrient picks, increased income capacity and societal exchanges on nutrient experiences. Age alteration was besides another factor shared by several participants that impacted nutrient picks made peculiarly in position of continuing wellness. Reasons for involvement and disinterest in organic nutrients reveal to us certain factors which are valued in people ‘s nutrient considerations. Interest in organic nutrients was seen to be motivated by wellness consciousness, merchandise entreaty and benefits offered by alternate nutrient picks. Issues refering to handiness, cost and deficiency of sufficient information were cited as grounds for neutrality in organic nutrients. Examination of participants ‘ nutrient wonts, behaviors and involvement in nutrients reveal cardinal motive factors that influence nutrient picks. An rating of these factors would supply grounds for its significance in nutrient pick peculiarly towards organic nutrient pick. It besides highlights assorted personal nutrient values sought for in nutrient determinations. In subsequent analysis, a closer probe of these factors would be conducted as participants portion their positions on organic nutrients. II Factors of influence and perceptual experiences of organic nutrient In the undermentioned section of the interview, participants were requested to portion freely on their ideas about organic nutrients including what it means to them and if they considered buying organic nutrients. Participants were asked to portion their sentiments and their grounds for involvement or disinterest in organic nutrient. Common themes related to organic nutrient pick were identified utilizing a combination of conventional and directed analysis methods. Emerging subjects from interview books were corroborated with findings from similar research on organic nutrient pick. The subjects were so evaluated for its relevancy in organic nutrient considerations and labelled consequently under the term ‘factors of influence ‘ . These factors are believed to undergird people ‘s organic nutrient pick determinations. Interview books related to these factors of influence were extracted and analysed separately for its impact on organic nutrient pick. Using discourse an alysis, books refering to each factor of influence were closely examined for its significance and part to organic nutrient pick determinations. Organic nutrient perceptual experiences and attitudes are formed through assorted influences including personal experiences with nutrient and external affects through societal interactions. The formation of perceptual experiences and attitudes occur over clip as people indulge in exposure to more information on nutrient and regular contact with the local nutrient environment. In this survey, participants shared their perceptual experiences and attitudes to organic nutrient as they deliberated nutrient picks through their conversations. Their perceptual experiences on organic nutrients are revealed as they refer to assorted factors of influence that play a portion in their determinations. How to cite The History Of The Food Choice Negotiations Education Essay, Essay examples

Services Marketing Quarterly

Question: Discuss about the Services Marketing Quarterly. Answer: Introduction: This interview report is based on a survey performed to determine the level of job satisfaction in the target audience that are 30 working adults of different profession. The general demographics of participants were determined to distribute them as per their age, gender and marital status. This distribution provided a more rationalised and specified survey findings. There were 15 adults being male and 15 being female as per gender, 15 participants above 35 years (9 females, 6 males) and 15 below 35 years (6 females, 9 males) as per age and 11 single (4 females, 7 males) and 19 married participants (11 female, 8 males) as per their marital status. This distributed demographics based analysis helped to gather viewpoint in the survey as per different perspectives, life conditions and age. The job is considered as one of the most essential requirement for mankind to survive physically, mentally and financially. It is a part of human social, psychological, mental and cognitive development in life. Therefore, job satisfaction is considered to provide overall stability by being an important part of development in life stages. Further, like other phases of life, job satisfaction also depends on fulfillment of different needs (Markos Sridevi, 2010). These needs related to job satisfaction are clearly described by five tiers of Maslows hierarchy of needs theory that are psychological, safety, love/belonging, esteem, and self-actualization like the needs of other life development. This MHN theory is used in the contemporary world to understand employee needs, motivation and concern level for attaining productivity and satisfaction (Smith, 2010). Job satisfaction can be considered as fulfilment of all the levels described in Maslows hierarchy of needs theory. Therefore, in this survey report, learner compares the survey results as per Maslow hierarchy of needs to determine the level of job satisfaction in the target audience (Markos Sridevi, 2010). In the first survey question regardless of the gender, age and marital status most of the respondent agree that their work makes their life more meaningful where 27 in gender group, 27 in age group, and 27 in the marital group agree that their work makes their life more meaningful. This response indicates the fulfilment of the fourth level in MHN theory that is self-esteem. The self-esteem is the feeling of competent, success, recognition, value and accomplishment in job performance. This self-esteem is a cognitive development requirement of the body. As per this survey finding, the self-esteem need of participants is completely been fulfilled by their work. As per second survey question responses, the majority of the respondents dont find themselves struggling at work having appropriate motivation to develop job performance. However, it is noteworthy that a very small fraction of female struggles to find motivation in their job. This indicates the fulfilment of self-esteem in the MHN pyramid. Further, it was analysed in the third question of the survey that more than 50% of the respondents regardless of age, gender and marital status does not want to look for another job, however, 30% remaining neutral and only 10% looking for another job. This survey finding indicates that Maslows third level of needs that is the safety, been fulfilled in participants job. Maslows safety need describes the security of body, resources, employment, morality, family, wealth and property. This level of need involves economic safety in form of job security (Giri Santra, 2010). Therefore, 50% not looking for another job indicate economic safety fulfilment b y their present job. The fourth question responses of the survey indicate that 90% of respondents have the good relationships at work, 10% being neutral about their relationships. The responses are fairly same across all categories of survey analysis. This finding indicates satisfaction of the third level of Maslows needs that is love/belonging. The love/belonging level involves satisfaction of love, friendship (social needs) and personal needs. The establishment of good work relationship indicates fulfilment of social needs by participants job. Further, in response to the fifth question, 90% of the participants indicate that it is important to have satisfaction at work. The statistics remain even across all categories. This indicates that fulfilment of employee needs is an important part of employment supporting the existence of Maslows hierarchy of need in the work scenario. As per the response obtained for the sixth question in the survey, 60% respondents feel that they are compensated based on their experience, qualification and contribution, 10% being neutral and 5% feeling not compensated properly for work. these responses also remained statistically similar across various different categories. This positive response in relation to job payment indicates that physiological needs in the MHN pyramid of participants are been fulfilled by their work. The income or earning from the job is used to fulfil the basic living needs like food, shelter, clothing etc. as per physiological needs of Maslows theory. Therefore, acceptabl e satisfaction level in participants for their compensation indicated fulfilment of physiological needs by their job. While determining the personal growth in the organisation, 50% respondents indicate personal growth been provided by their organisation whereas 355 remaining neutral and 15% indicating no personal growth in their organisation. As per Maslows theory self-actualization being the top tier of Maslows pyramid in the job depends on factors like personal growth, creative development and productivity in work (Gorman, 2010). Therefore, fulfilment of self-actualization need remains 50% as per survey responses in the target audience. Now, further analysing the work and life balance in the participants an almost equal response was obtained where participants equally agree, disagree and remain neutral in their response that it is easy to balance work and life. In response to question nine of the survey, most of the respondents show genuine concern over their company. This is likely due to the importance they place given a gloomy economic outlook and the need to secure a job for a meaningful life. Further, in response to question ten, 65% participants remain neutral about them deserving more in their organization, 35% responding that they deserve more and no one responding that they do not deserve more from their company. This response indicates a level of job dissatisfaction as well as the expectation of participants from their company. However, as per overall survey analysis, the level of job satisfaction is very high in the target audience where almost four levels of Maslows hierarchy needs are been fulfilled by their work. However, the lack of motivation in work been identified that is required to be fulfilled for job satisfaction in participants. Further, the survey persists certain limitations that are small sample size, less accuracy , lacking statistical analysis as well as it would have been better to obtain the survey from a single company or organisation. Moreover, the survey findings are enough to conclude that survey target audience has an acceptable level of job satisfaction from their profession. References Giri, V. N., Santra, T. (2010). Effects of job experience, career stage, and hierarchy on leadership style.Singapore Management Review,32(1), 85-94. Gorman, D. (2010). Maslow's hierarchy and social and emotional wellbeing. Aboriginal and Islander Health Worker Journal,34(1), 27-29. Markos, S., Sridevi, M. S. (2010). Employee engagement: The key to improving performance.International Journal of Business and Management,5(12), 89. Smith, K. T. (2010). Work-life balance perspectives of marketing professionals in generation Y.Services Marketing Quarterly,31(4), 434-447.

The Importance of Cleanliness Essay Example

The Importance of Cleanliness Paper IMPORTANCE OF CLEANLINESS It is important to maintain a standard of cleanliness in your room at all times. If you don’t keep your room up to standards then you are facing many possible problems. If you leave clothes that are to be worn the next day on the floor then you are getting them more dirty than they already were. This can cause you to get sick from the dead skin cells, dirt, grime, and other things that are on your floor. If the clothing worn is not often washed, and frequently aired, it becomes filthy with impurities which are thrown off from the body by sensible and insensible perspiration. And if the garments worn are not frequently cleansed from these impurities, the pores of the skin absorb again the waste matter thrown off. The impurities of the body, if not allowed to escape, are taken back into the blood, and forced upon the internal organs. This then can lead to fevers and then possibly into harmful diseases. If you don’t follow the standards then you have many negative aspects that can cause more problems in the future. Besides your clothing you should also always wash your hands every time you use the bathroom, before and after meals, and anytime they are dirty. We will write a custom essay sample on The Importance of Cleanliness specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on The Importance of Cleanliness specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on The Importance of Cleanliness specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer This will help keep some diseases from your health because your hands are the dirtiest part of your body and if you put them on food that you put into your mouth you could get very sick. Another reason why it’s important to keep your room clean is if you have a dust allergy. Within your room dust mounts up incredibly quickly and that can leave an allergy sufferer in a lot of distress. So you need to clean to get rid of the dust. Another example could be if you didnt clean up your room and bits of food were left everywhere going moldy. It would attract pests into the room which could potentially give you health problems as pests usually are dirty and they can pass various things onto you. Seeing as germs and parasites like to hide in unclean places, cleanliness is very important. So, its important to stay moderately clean to avoid horrible germs, but its also important not to go overboard and scrub yourself to within an inch of your life because that would be just as bad as filth. Thankfully, an easy way of staying clean and healthy is still the simple routine of washing hands thoroughly with soap and water. If you don’t wash your sheets and blankets on a weekly basis you can also get sick, because they hold so much of you dead skin cells and any dirt from your body that rubs off. So keeping a good system of washing your clothes and sheets will help you stay healthy. Also if you keep your room up to standards then you are ensuring that you and any visitors you have stay healthy. So in conclusion it is very important to keep your room, clothes, bedding, and common areas clean so you and your guest don’t become ill.

A Selection of Special Birthday Wishes

A Selection of Special Birthday Wishes When you receive a birthday card, is it the card or the birthday message inside that brings a smile to your face? Usually, its the message of the sender that makes the card special. So how can you make your birthday cards to friends and loved ones memorable? Store bought birthday cards are OK if you dont know the person that well, but they lack the personal touch.   A birthday card with a personalized message shows that you care, and demonstrates personal effort rather than settling for an off-the-shelf product. Birthday Quotes by William Shakespeare To me, fair friend, you never can be old. For as you were when first your eye I eyed. Such seems your beauty still. Have you not a moist eye, a dry hand, a yellow cheek, a white beard, a decreasing leg, an increasing belly? Is not your voice broken, your wind short, your chin double, your wit single, and every part  about you  blasted with antiquity? With mirth and laughter let old wrinkles come. Birthday Quotes From Singers Frank SinatraMay you live to be a hundred and may the last voice you hear be mine. Madonna Women, generally, when they reach a certain age, have accepted that they’re not allowed to behave a certain way. But I don’t follow the rules. I never did, and I’m not going to start. Birthday Quotes From Writers Anne Lamott The worst part about celebrating another birthday is the shock that youre only as well as you are. Lewis CarrollThere are three hundred and sixty-four days when you might get un-birthday presents and only one for birthday presents, you know.Annie DillardIt is ironic that the one thing that all religions recognize as separating us from our creator, our very self-consciousness, is also the one thing that divides us from our fellow creatures. It was a bitter birthday present from evolution. Wilson MiznerThe first hundred years are the hardest. Janet EvanovichRomance novels are birthday cake and life is often peanut butter and jelly. I think everyone should have lots of delicious romance novels lying around for those times when the peanut butter of life gets stuck to the roof of your mouth.Anne LamottSome people wont go the extra mile, and then on their birthday, when no one makes a fuss, they feel neglected and bitter. Birthday Quotes from Celebrities Muhammad Ali A man who views the world the same at fifty as he did at twenty has wasted thirty years of his life.Buddy ValastroCakes are special. Every birthday, every celebration ends with something sweet, a cake, and people remember. Its all about the memories.Chili DavisGrowing old is mandatory; growing up is optional.Tom WilsonWisdom doesnt necessarily come with age. Sometimes age just shows up all by itself. Birthday Quotes from Politicians Oliver Wendell Holmes For him, in vain the envious seasons roll, who bears eternal summer in his soul. Eleanor Roosevelt I think, at a child’s birth  if a mother could ask a fairy godmother to endow it with the most useful gift, that gift should be curiosity.

Explanatory of The Inheritance of Loss by Kiran Desai Essay

Explanatory of The Inheritance of Loss by Kiran Desai - Essay Example Jemubhai Patel is an embittered judge, wounded by his past, which holds both hurtful and glorious memories. It is ironic how much love he can shower on an animal, his pet dog, while he regards other people with distrust. He has shut himself off from all human contact. Sai is the youthful granddaughter who somehow tames Patel’s otherwise dark persona with her feistiness and curiosity. She reminds him of himself when he was a youth. Sai is one person who gives hope that her grandfather will ultimately come out of the tough shell he has built around himself. The cook, Biju’s father is the traditional, superstitious and chatty helper awed by the allures of modernization and is bent on his son to realize the American dream. It is through this cook’s voice that the reader learns a parallel story about love and loss. Patel’s neighbors, Lola and Noni are Anglophiles who might be savvy readers of V.S. Naipaul but who are, perhaps, less aware of how fragile their own social standing is--at least until a surge of unrest disturbs the region. The title of the book is so intriguing. When one hears of an inheritance, it is usually something so precious, so cherished that the next generation anticipates it to be bequeathed with pride and honor. Desai’s Inheritance of Loss truly reflects her adeptness for irony. True, the pathetic state of loss can be inherited and may be passed on to future generations, but how can anyone anticipate such a dreadful fate? The story is delivered in such a compelling way that the reader understands the process of loss of cultural identity being passed on from the elders to the young. The book tells of different stories but anchors its base on Kalimpong in the at the foothills of Mount Kanchenjunga in the northern Himalayas, specifically in the decaying cottage named Cho Oyu, the household of Jemubhai Patel, who lives with his granddaughter, Sai and his beloved dog, Mutt. The

Exercise 3, page 112 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Exercise 3, page 112 - Essay Example Some of the facilities that are present include an Olympic size swimming pool, a handball court, a basketball court, a squash court as well as a whirlpool. Others include saunas and steam baths, locker and shower facilities together with free packing. The exercise machines present include treadmills, bikes, steppers, the new cybex(Nautilus style) machine together with rowers and ellipticals. This is a very good offer for the employees and their families, as spouses of members or their domestic partners are eligible with a 20 percent discount of the clubs normal rates. The club offers very reduced rates for the hospital employees that are very reasonable and cannot be found in any other health club anywhere near the hospital. The rates are posted on our official website which is www.healthclubin.org so feel free to visit it. The working hours are weekdays 5pm to 10pm while on weekends it is 7am to 8pm. For more information please call us on

Tourism marketimg Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Tourism marketimg - Essay Example These breaks supplement the main holiday. Athens too has become a city break destination because of the numerous attractions it offers. There are various reasons why city break tourism has been growing. There is increased holiday and leave entitlements apart from rising prosperity from double income families leading to higher disposable income (Dunne et al). The perception of travel has changed and besides low cost airlines has played a major role in promoting short city breaks. Motivations to travel is governed by the push and pull factors where the push factors refer to the desire to travel and the pull factors depend upon the choice of destination. The seven push motives were, escape from a perceived mundane environment, exploration and evaluation of self, relaxation, prestige, regression, enhancement of kinship relationships, and facilitation of social interaction while the two pull factors include education and novelty. As far as the push factors are concerned, the perceptions and preferences of people have changed. There is move away from mass consumption of standardized holidays and towards weekend and short break holidays. As far as the pull factors are concerned, Athens has many attractions to offer. Athens, the capital and the largest city in Greece is one of the world’s oldest cities. Athens can take the tourist back to the dawn of civilization. Known as the cradle of civilization and the seat of western philosophy, Athens brings together wisdom, art and culture in its attempt to meet the demands of the modern tourists. It is a city where democracy was born and most of the wise men of ancient times. The most important civilization of ancient world flourished in Athens. The city epitomizes epic beauty and is a magnificent classical testament to ancient grandeur (OT Beach, 2007). About half of Greece’s population lives in

Brain Mechanisms Controlling Drug Addiction Reinforcement

Brain Mechanisms Controlling Drug Addiction Reinforcement Discuss how theories relate drug addiction to endogenous brain mechanisms controlling reinforcement, and look at how these theories may be used to improve the effectiveness of treatment of addiction In psycho-biological terms addiction is regarded as the perceived need for a drug or substance and the potential for the subsequent re-use of that substance often manifesting itself in a pattern of drug induced behaviour. This has indicated a connection between the behavioural pattern of a user and the biological cravings that are associated with this pattern of behaviour. Due to this relationship between dependent and abusive behaviour patterns and the biological and psychological cravings for the wanted substances, research has gone into establishing the effects of drug addiction and their basis in psychology resulting in many neurobiological models. In terms of patterns of behaviour, operant conditioning provides a convenient, easy and reliable way of adjusting any subject’s pattern of behaviour under the conditioning of a controlled and changeable environmental. This has been conducted in research in an easily observable manner that was then able to account for factors pertaining to addiction and the potential for abuse through accordance to a pre-devised model. Through the notions of positive regard, response and reward and through shaping behaviours this could then be adjusted to test any independent variable. This acts as a convenient methodology for observing the effects of drugs and was devised by early Psychopharmacological researchers in a bid to examine the relationship between drug use and behaviour patterns. One such piece of seminal research that incorporated this relationship was conducted by Dews (1953). In his founding study, Dew began a program of operant studies in an attempt to observe the behavioural ef fects of drugs to see how it could act as a precursor for addiction. His initial experiments on the behavioural patterns observed in animals led to the establishment that a schedule of reinforcement maintaining a pattern of behaviour could play a critical role in determining the effects of a drug (Dews, 1955). Through operant conditioning and behavioural observation he was able to discern that the dose-effects of the drugs used in his experiment varied in terms of performances that were maintained under two different schedules of reinforcement. However, he was also able to observe that there was a dose range in which the rate of behaviour would increase in one schedule condition, whilst it decreased in the other condition. This was an early indication that drug addiction depended upon the schedule as much as it did the dosage. Essentially, addiction was determined by patterns of behaviour as much as patterns of behaviour were determined by drug usage. In these early experiments, Dew s was able to ascertain that stimulants would increase the probability of a pattern of behaviour as it pertained to the relevant classification of a drug. However, he was also able to note that the drug could decrease the probability of any given pattern of behaviour itself. This research indicated that there was a variety of concepts at play within the role of addiction, such as tolerance, abuse, dependency and reward. In contemporary research, we can see that these factors have been incorporated in an attempt to identify the mechanisms in the brain that lead to dependency, abuse and addiction through the parsing of reward. This was devised by Berridge et al (2003) as the investigation to find the neuro-pharmacological basis for three main psychological components essential to the parsing of reward and onset of addiction. These were the concepts of learning that included the explicit and implicit knowledge produced by associative conditioning and cognitive processes, an affect or emotion such as implicit liking and conscious pleasure associated with the experience of the drug, and motivation; suggested as the implicit incentive salient wanting and the accompanying cognitive incentive goals. Essentially, this three way split revealed that learning (Dews schedules of reinforcement), craving (the perceived effect of the drug) and habit (Dews patterns of behaviour) were the major contributing and operating factors in the role of addiction. Examining these three essential components, Franken (2003) was able to discern an attentional bias that indicated the need for relevant clinical approaches and treatments. It was concluded that cognitive processes would mediate between the drug stimulus or craving and the subjects learned response to the stimulus and subsequent behavioural response (e.g., drug use, relapse). It was revealed that a conditioned drug stimulus produced an increase in dopamine levels in the corticostriatal circuit, in particular the anterior cingulate gyrus, amygdala, and nucleus accumbens, which in turn served in drawing the subjects attention towards a perceived drug stimulus. This process resulted in a motor preparation and a hyper-attentive state towards drug-related stimuli that, ultimately, promoted further craving and relapse. This meant that craving was induced by stimuli rather than by a depletion of drug within the body’s circulation or the adherence to a schedule. The implications of thi s are that a person surrounded by stimuli is more likely to be susceptible to the biological onset of craving and subsequent abuse or relapse than those who are dependent upon a schedule of reinforcement and behavioural pattern. In subsequent research, the effects of a drug upon the user where tested against two groups; those of long term use and those of relatively short term use, in an attempt to see if there was a difference in the variation of tolerance, both cellular and behavioural. In a study conducted by Koob (2005) the immediate effects of drugs were compared to those observed after long-term exposure to see what role tolerance played. A neurobiological basis for drug dependence was proposed from the linkage between the cellular and behavioural effects of these drugs and the tolerance towards them. This meant that there was an inter-relation between behaviour and drug effect that could indicate drug dependence and subsequent treatment strategies. Although there appears to be a relationship between the behaviour patterns of drug taking and a neurobiological basis for drug dependency that may indicate areas of potential treatment and areas of potential relapse and abuse, it would appear that this is based primarily on a system of perceived reward. However, earlier research has indicated a system that does not depend upon reward. Research by Koob et al (1998) suggested that it was drug ‘seeking’ that was associated with activation of reward neural circuitry. Whereas, drug addiction in its entirety involved a dark side defined as a decrease in the function of normal reward-related neuro-circuitry and persistent recruitment of anti-reward systems, drug abuse did not. They proposed that understanding the neuroplasticity of this dark side of the circuitry could be the key to understanding the vulnerability to addiction. This research can be seen as a way of indicating the effectiveness of the potential to relapse after the successful treatment for drug addiction as well as a way of determining the neurobiological potential for drug addiction. >From these studies, we can seen that drug addiction is linked to the neurobiological system of the brain that in conjunction with environmental factors such as stimuli, behavioural factors such as schedules, and cognitive factors such as reward, can be identified and treated through the addressing of reinforcements and their relation to cravings and dependency. Bibliography Berridge, K, C., Robinson, T., (2003) Parsing reward. Trends in Neuroscience. 26, 507- 513. Dews, P.B. (1953) The measurement of the influence of drugs on voluntary activity in mice. British Journal of Pharmacology, 8, 46-48. Dews, P, B., (1955) Studies on Behaviour. Journal of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, 113, 393-401 Franken, IHA., (2003) Drug craving and addiction: integrating psychological and neuropsychopharmacological approaches Prog. Neuro-Psychopharm. Biol. Psych, 27, 563-579 Koob, G, F., (2005) The neurocircuitry of addiction: Implications for treatment. Clin. Neurosci. Res., 5, 89-101 Koob, G, F., Sanna, P, P., Bloom, F, E., (1998). Neuroscience of addiction. Neuron, 21, 467-476.

Julius Caesar :: essays research papers

JULIUS CAESAR   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  William Shakespeare lived from 1564 to 1616. During his time, he wrote and established many plays. Although he lived about 400 years ago, his themes still have proven their universality today. A good example of this is in the play, Julius Caesar. One of the themes in this play is that there are many methods of manipulation, that persuade and influence people into a certain direction, sometimes too quickly, without thought.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Shakespeare distorts the views of people to show that commoners or plebeians in the play, tend to change their minds without thought or consideration. An example of that occurs in the play within the beginning on a street in Rome. The Romans are gathered to celebrate two events, the religious festival of Lupercal and the recent victory of Julius Caesar. â€Å"We make a holiday to see Caesar and to rejoice in his triumph,† says a cobbler, whom like most commoners had once supported Pompey. The commoners have since changed their views toward Caesar, now that he holds the power. Another example occurs later in the play. Brutus has just convinced the commoners that what the conspirators did was only out of their love for Rome. One commoner says, â€Å"we are blest that Rome is rid of him,† referring to Caesar which statement is supported by the rest of the crowd. Once again, the hearts of the commoners quickly changes again once Antony gives his speech. After he finishes, the commoners run through the streets noting and searching to kill the once glorified conspirators. This still applies today. For example; Bill Clinton was a fairly respected and admired president, until the world discovered about his mistress. Because of this, voters and people in office have changed their views so quickly, we have lost sight that, disregarding his personal affairs, Clinton has actually been a good president.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Shakespeare shows that the commoners change their minds too quickly, he also shows that methods of manipulation, such as ridicule, can change the views of people. Ridicule is used to persuade Casca to join the conspiracy, Cassius says, â€Å"so vile a thing as Caesar! But O grief, where hast thou led me? I perhaps speak this before a willing Bondman!† Considering that Casca doesn’t like the idea of being a subject to Caesar, he immediately becomes offended and joins the conspiracy. Another example is the first scene of the play. Marullus says to the commoners whom no longer worship Pompey, â€Å"You blocks of stones, you worse than senseless things!† to try and influence them to stay loyal to the great Pompey.

Prevention and Mitigation analysis Essay

Early Sunday morning, precisely January 18,year 2004, two inmates namely Ricky K wassenaar; who was serving a prison sentence of 26years and his co-inmate Steven j. coy on a long time imprisonment of life sentence both decided to escape the territory of morey unit of the prison structure, a complex situated near Arizona at an estimated distance of 50miles( approximately 80,467metres) south west of phoenix . This morey is designed for an estimated capacity of 800 inmates as against the 840 inmates it housed. At morey, the number of inmate serving life sentence and protective segregation population is the largest in the correction history of Arizona. Probably, owing to the number of inmates housed in the morey’s territory (840 inmates) which was exceeding its design capacity and ultimately because of the limited number of correctional officers placed in security of the unit, these two inmates, Ricky K. Wassenaar and Steven J . Coy, came down heavily on the correctional officers, impounded the units tower and at long last conquered the officers . This historic incident represents the longest hostage incidence in the history of the nation. As early as 2. 30am in the cool of the day, the inmates who reportedly were numbered around 19 ,working in the kitchen were released from their place of abode such that each of them could report and perform his/her functions at the money kitchen. A short while later , an approximated time of 3. 15am, correctional officers Kenneth martin and the other female civilian kitchen employee came around into the kitchen such that they could oversee and ensure that each inmate does his/her duty as expected. At this instant in time, inmate Ricky k. wassenaar and Steven J. Coy have already drawn out plans to escape the prison territory and were just about to perfect the plans . Ricky k. Wassenaar entered the office of the kitchen through an open door, he was immediately followed by his co-inmate Steven J. Coy who stood by the kitchen doorway thereby preventing entrance and exit through the only opening. Both inmates had in their possession sophisticated weapons like â€Å"shank† which serve as a major recourse for attack when the need arose. With the weapon being powerfully handled by both inmate, inmate Ricky K. assenaar attacked one of the correctional officers, martins, he was frightened to put off his uniform, an official dress to which was attached his identification card which served as an insignia of martin’s membership of correctional department of the morey’s unit . Wassenaar further ordered martins to undress his boot, an instruction which martins quickly responded to. In the same vein, the other inmate Coy also in possession of shank, the knife like weapon, became confident and consequent upon which he dragged the female correctional officer down to the room where the tools were situated . This bloody inmate having frightened the female officer with his weapon ordered her to lie down with her stomach touching the floor. He then tied her hands together with her feet using electrical cables. Having impounded martin and the female kitchen worker, both inmates made a stroll for a short period. On their arrival at the morey unit, inmate Ricky K. Wassenaar seized martins uniform and thereafter wore it on himself and in reinforcement of his escape strategies,he also shaved off his beards. He did all these so that he could disguise through every check point as a correctional officer. With wassenaar now overwhelmed with full confidence of his perfected strategies, he buzzed at martins, inquiring for the kitchen telephone number and this ill-treated correctional officer martin complied with an unusual alacrity. At exactly 4:20am of that same Sunday morning, inmate Wassenaar desperately drew close an area where red yard gate was situated, an enclosure that surrounded a foot tower of an estimated height of approximately 20 feet. At the top of this tower were two correctional officers who by name were Jason N.  Auch and Jane Auch who having looked through the screen in confirmation of the person approaching were deceived by the disguising uniform wore by inmate Ricky K. wassenaar, and consequent upon the aforementioned, they buzzed the door open. Wassenaar came as one would have expected, struck down the two correctional officers and start communicating with coy, his accomplice. The rattling of keys alerted from the kitchen alerted Kelly and Debaughed. Coy was later incapacitated by one of the officers but wassenaar later came to rescue him and led him to the tower where Coy sexually assaulted an officer by . Wassenaar started shooting sporadically at the gate to scare away other correctional officers. 4 people namely Jones debauch,sergent Andrew and Kelly Went to the outer door to lock it and ran to the dining facility while the other officers withdrew to the administration building The head count of the inmates inside the dry area was also done The tactical supporting unit then came to rescue by removing all the inmates an well as the officers from the dining facility. They later found out that 2 officers were missing. one dabbled to the deputy warden conference room to take note of the staff on ground. Later at around 7:45 am ,the likes of DPS SWAT team,TSU snipers, as well as the DPS hostage negotiators surrounded the building The support for the incidence came from no less than 16 law enforcement agents with DPS giving up to 230 officers. A total of about 75 detective agents as well as experts in the areas of surveillance were on ground The FBI sent almost 100 personnel,100 field personnel was also provided by the Maricopa county sheriff’s division The FBI officers were instructed to adopt the force oriented policies. One of the reasons that could have led the incident of the Arizona prison break was the fact that Doc officers were not well remunerated when compared to others in the same compartment This has led to economic hardship with subsequent reduction in the quality of life of the workers as well as their family Some of the sergeants openly confess their inability to afford the basic daily needs because of the meager salary saying also that most officers were less paid even than the officers that guard and supervise. It is therefore recommended that there must be a review of the salary scale and a balance should be achieved in the payment scale of the municipal, federal and county correctional officers and that of the surrounding Arizona states. Another problem that could have led to the incidence is the fact that the lowering of the Qualification standards to fill the available vacancies at the Arizona. It is therefore recommended that nothing but excellence should henceforth be promoted and upward review of the worker’s salary should be undertaken and sustained. It should also be noted that as at the time of the incidence that morey unit suffered from negligence and lack of appropriate expectation of elements of professionalism there were so many administrative blunders in the preceding years of the incidence among the staff even though the action of some of the staff members in rising to the incidence is highly commendable. The panel seeing to the events that led to the incidence noted that a lot of administrative negligence and improper supervision and action led to the incidence. It is therefore recommended that the DOC administrative director should determine if changing or substituting some staff assignments or disciplining some of the erring staff would be contributory. The pervasive nature of the incidence should be ascertained and subsequently to isolate and carry out procedures that could remedy the problem to avert future reoccurrence. It was also noticed that DOC has stopped conducting operational account audit of the facilities of the prison since 2000 and it is recommended that such practice should be revisited to ensure that proper and effective administration and management of prison facilities. There is also need for effective communication skills among the staff in order to foster prison security and operational success. Policies that favor indirect and not direct observation of the inmate and those that promote bad and ineffective communication between offenders and prison officers should be jettisoned The building and operational modus operandi should be that which support security and effective management sytem. The hostage taking event that occurred at the Morey unit of the was regrettable in history and it was catastrophic with attendant injury and irreparable loss to correctional officers and facility employees It is an eye-opener to the various challenges and jeopardy that corrections experts are battling with everyday. It is therefore important to properly and adequately fund and pay attention to the corrections operations. Good organizational quality cannot also be overemphasized encouragement and optimum investment in people involved in manning this highly sensitive sector of national security is therefore of utmost importance. Such set of individuals who have one way or the other dedicated themselves to this course should be well remunerated and properly trained and educated with nothing but very high intelligence quotient. They should be regarded as special people and treated as such. They must be compensated. I believe with these steps, future reoccurrences could be adequately averted.

Ecstasy and Memory Impairment Neurological Correlation

Ecstasy and Memory Impairment Neurological Correlation Introduction The three articles chosen for analysis focus on the neurological correlation between ecstasy and memory impairment; one by Simon and Mattick (2001) assessed the relationship between ecstasy use and memory impairment. The second one by Zakzanis Young (2001) dwelt on memory impairment in abstinent MDMA users over one year. Lastly, a study done by Bolla et al. (1998) focused on memory impairment in abstinent ecstasy users.Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on Ecstasy and Memory Impairment Neurological Correlation specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Biological psychology methodology Simon and Mattick (2001) used a correlational analysis to determine whether a relationship exists between prolonged ecstasy use and memory function. The researchers were also interested in comparison of this memory function with that of regular cannabis users. Therefore, this research method revolved around establishment of a r elationship, definition of what the relationship was and how strong it was. This was a cross sectional study because the researchers sampled the population and studied all the concerned measured at one point. Although the researchers were interested in analyzing the effect of prolonged usage of MDMA, they did not measure level of drug use for a prolonged period of time. The authors recorded the histories of the participants and collected information about their average lifetime drug use and psychological well being. They tested their memory function using standardized tests. All these variables were collected using structured interviews. Bolla et al. (1998) utilized an experimental approach in their analysis. They focused on a control group that did not use MDMA (drug-naà ¯ve participants) and one that used the drugs. They measured their memory scores and then compared the results. This allowed them to establish whether a cause and effect relationship existed between ecstasy drug u se and memory impairment. The authors carried out a retrospective study. Zakzanis Young (2001) used a longitudinal approach in their analysis. Such an approach is quite sensible because it minimizes the effect of past difference in memory functioning. This method allowed the authors to show the causal direction of effects. During a twelve month period, participants were analyzed twice for memory functions and only MDMA users were employed. Strengths and weaknesses of the biological hypotheses The key strength with the research conducted by Simon and Mattick (2001) is that it acknowledges the possibility of cannabis as a confounding factor and thus analyses it. Possibilities of the effect of other drugs such as alcohol were considered, as well. Additionally, the researchers tried to narrow down the demographic variation and lifestyle differences between the test and comparison groups by focusing on members of the same age group.Advertising Looking for research paper on healt h medicine? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More These researchers also studied the psychological robustness of the subjects in order to ascertain that the variable would not interfere with memory functioning. The key weakness in this study is the fact that it is a correlational study in which the test subjects are subjected to a series of other confounding factors. Consequently, one cannot determine cause and effect relationship unless all the possible variables that affect memory are controlled. First, this experiment uses subjects with different memory capabilities. No analysis of the subjects was done prior to their use of cannabis or ecstasy in order to determine their previous memory scores. This should have been compared with their current memory status (after prolonged ecstasy use) in order to determine whether there was any change. Furthermore, only average ecstasy dosage levels were considered for the entire group, yet individual consumption variations do exist. Some people may take 30 tablets of ecstasy a month while others may only take two. Education plays a vital role in one’s performance during memory tests. Persons with tertiary education are more likely to remember certain things that those without it. This study did not acknowledge that difference, and randomly selected test subjects. Lastly, the researchers did not consider the effect of lifestyle in patterns of use. Ecstasy is a drug that is associated with the ‘rave’ culture while cannabis is not. People who engage in prolonged dancing and are sleep deprived may report relatively low scores in memory tests, so this should have been considered. The critical problem with Bolla et al. (1998) was that they allowed the control subjects to have experimented with other drugs. They claimed that this was only fair since members of the test group also used other drugs. Instead of incorporating two confounders, the scientists should have tried to eliminate the use of other recreational drugs from both subjects. If this was impossible, then they should have included prior recreational drug use in the regression analysis. Another major problem that was also noted in the previous study was failure to measure underlying memory function differences between the control group (non MDMA users) and the test group. No incorporation of lifestyle differences between the control and test subjects was also made. One of the vital strengths of this study was that it included the effect of drug dosage levels during the analysis. It also considered other demographic factors such as age, gender and vocabulary use. Furthermore, the effect of MDMA dosage concentrations on memory concentrations also validated their claims.Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on Ecstasy and Memory Impairment Neurological Correlation specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Zakzanis Young (2001) research was advantageous because it was longitudinal, so it eliminated problems with differences between the test subjects. Additionally, it used participants within the same age group; that is, 17- 31. Education level was also considered as all had to have at least 14 years worth of education. Since these factors were incorporated in the analysis, then the possibility of confounding factors in memory scores was eradicated. Additionally, because the study only focused on ecstasy users, then there was no need to include lifestyle differences between the test subjects. The major challenge with this study was that the sample size was small; only 15 participants were employed in the study. In addition, no reference was made to psychological factors that could have affected the test subjects in the past; this may have impeded their memory during the study. Assessment of the research findings conclusion Simon and Mattick (2001) found that there was no correlation between me mory impairment and regular MDMA use. However, they found an association between lifetime cannabis use and memory impairment. They explained that cannabis has a confounding role in other tests that measure memory impairment and MDMA use. One may question these findings because adjustments for lifestyle differences between cannabis and MDMA were not done. Failure to incorporate other confounding factors such as education level, age and memory capabilities before the study also place doubt on these findings. Bolla et al. (1998) found a strong relationship between memory impairment and drug use. However, the challenges in proving a cause and effect relationship in studies of memory impairment were not overcome in this paper. No consideration for recall differences was done and no incorporation of lifestyle variations was included in the research, so one might question these findings. Zakzanis Young (2001) found that continued ecstasy use led to a decline in delayed recall. One may cou nt on this research because its design was the least problematic among the three. The authors eliminated inaccuracies that stem from lifestyle variations, and preexisting memory differences between non MDMA users and MDMA users. Besides these, problems with sample size can easily be corrected. Study plan The study plan under consideration will be a correlational longitudinal study. It will be longitudinal because such studies allow authors to study effect patterns over long periods of time. They can authoritatively make cause and effect correlations owing to these patterns.Advertising Looking for research paper on health medicine? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More This study design was borrowed from the one done by Zakzanis Young (2001). It will use correlational analysis because a group that will possess the characteristics under analysis will be compared with one that does not have these characteristics, and a conclusion will be made. The latter correlational section is similar to Simon and Mattick (2001). Hypothesis The hypothesis of the research is â€Å"The lifestyle of MDMA users causes memory deficits†. Many analysts acknowledge that ecstasy users have an exclusive way of life that is not found among other drug users. These individuals often engage in prolonged dancing and visual stimulation. Users may lack sleep and may eat minimal quantities of food. These are all factors that may affect how a person’s memory functions. Few researchers have considered this factor in their research, let alone use it as the main research variable. Only a a small number have tried to exclude its confounding effects from their findings. Co nsequently, the line of research is worth pursuing. How to design a study to verify the hypothesis The research will involve 50 individuals. All participants will be MDMA users, but 25 of them will have a relatively dormant lifestyle while the other 25 will have a lifestyle that is identified with ecstasy users. The study will last for a period of one year, and the memory scores of test subjects will be measured at the beginning of the study and at the end of it. A longitudinal analysis of memory functioning will be done for these two groups and their t-test values compared. If the group with the typical ecstasy lifestyle has higher declines in memory than the one without the active lifestyle, then the hypothesis will be confirmed (refer to the section above for the hypothesis statement). Independent and dependent variable The hypothesis will provide a guideline on the dependent and independent variables in the study. First, the dependent variable is memory decline or memory deficit s while the independent variable is the lifestyle of MDMA users. People who manifest this lifestyle will be persons who lack sleep and food due to dancing and participation in the rave subculture. Those who do not possess this quality will belong to the control group. How to assure validity of the research In order to ensure validity in the research, it will be imperative to avoid most of the pitfalls that researchers in this field often fall into. First of all, the research will employ a longitudinal analysis that will eliminate the problem of comparing separate groups of people whose previous memory scores were not known. The paper will not compare discrete memory scores between the control and the test group; instead, it will look at the patterns of memory decline in these two separate groups. This will eradicate any possible psychological factors that may alter individual memory scores among these groups. Another method for ensuring validity will be to use participants of the sa me age group, gender and educational background. Such an approach would eliminate possible confounding effects on memory. Additionally, since prior drug use of other recreational drugs may affect outcomes, it will be imperative to include these in the correlational analysis. Characteristics of drug use will also be included in the calculations so as to preclude the effect of this exposure on the dependent variable. Criteria for conducting the study safely and ethically Only participants who give informed consent will be used in the research. They will be informed about the purpose of the research, procedures involved and the duration. Furthermore, their identities will remain anonymous, and those who feel uncomfortable with any of the research procedures will be excused. The matter under analysis is MDMA drug usage. Since this substance has neurological effects, then no participants will get the substance from the researcher. It would be unethical to subject participants to biologic al harm through this avenue. Consequently only those individuals who take MDMA out of their own accord will be considered for the research. During analysis of the results, findings will be used as is. In other words, no manipulation of outcomes will take place in order to confirm or nullify the hypothesis. Acceptable data analysis techniques will be used in order to come up with the most accurate results. References Bolla, K., McCann, M. Ricaurte, G. (1998). Memory impairment in abstinent MDMA (Ecstasy) users. Neurology Journal, 51(6), 1532-1537. Simon, N. Mattick, R. (2001). The impact of regular ecstasy use on memory function. Addiction Journal 97, 1523-1529. Zakzanis, K. Young, D. (2001). Memory impairment in abstinent MDMA (Ecstasy) users: a longitudinal investigation. Neurology Journal, 56, 966-969.

The History of the Electric Telegraph and Telegraphy

The History of the Electric Telegraph and Telegraphy The electric telegraph is a now outdated communication system that transmitted electric signals over wires from location to location and then translated into a message. The non-electric telegraph was invented by Claude Chappe in 1794. His system was visual and used semaphore, a flag-based alphabet, and depended on a line of sight for communication. The optical telegraph was later replaced by the electric telegraph, which is the focus of this article. In 1809, a crude telegraph was invented in Bavaria by Samuel Soemmering. He used 35 wires with gold electrodes in water.  At the receiving end,  the message was read 2,000 feet away  by the amount of gas produced by electrolysis. In 1828, the first telegraph in the USA was invented by Harrison Dyar, who sent electrical sparks through chemically treated paper tape to burn dots and dashes. Electromagnet In 1825, British inventor William Sturgeon (1783-1850) introduced an invention that laid the foundation  for a large scale revolution in electronic communications: the electromagnet. Sturgeon demonstrated the power of the electromagnet by lifting nine pounds with a seven-ounce piece of iron wrapped with wires through which the current of a single cell battery was sent. However, the true power of the electromagnet comes from its role in the creation of countless inventions to come. The Emergence of Telegraph Systems In 1830, an American named  Joseph Henry (1797-1878) demonstrated the potential of William Sturgeons electromagnet for long distance communication by sending an electronic current over one mile of wire to activate an electromagnet, causing a bell to strike. In 1837, British physicists  William Cooke and Charles Wheatstone patented the Cooke and Wheatstone telegraph using the same principle of electromagnetism. However, it was Samuel Morse (1791-1872) who successfully exploited the electromagnet and bettered Henrys invention. Morse started by making sketches of a magnetized magnet based on Henrys work. Eventually, he invented a telegraph system that was a practical and commercial success. Samuel Morse While teaching arts and design at New York University in 1835, Morse proved that signals could be transmitted by wire. He used pulses of current to deflect an electromagnet, which moved a marker to produce written codes on a strip of paper. This  led to the invention of Morse Code. The following year, the device was modified to emboss the paper with dots and dashes. He gave a public demonstration in 1838, but it wasnt until five years later that Congress, reflecting public apathy, awarded him  $30,000 to construct an experimental telegraph line from Washington to Baltimore, a distance of 40 miles. Six years later, members of Congress witnessed the transmission of messages over part of the telegraph line. Before the line had reached Baltimore, the Whig party held its national convention there  and nominated Henry Clay  on  May 1, 1844. The news was hand-carried to Annapolis Junction, between Washington and Baltimore, where Morses partner Alfred Vail wired it to the capitol. This was the first news dispatched by electric telegraph. What Hath God Wrought? The message  What hath God wrought? sent by Morse Code from the old Supreme Court chamber in the United States capitol to his partner in Baltimore officially opened the completed line on May 24, 1844. Morse allowed Annie Ellsworth, the young daughter of a friend, to choose the words of the message and she selected a verse from Numbers XXIII, 23: What hath God wrought? to be recorded onto paper tape. Morses early system produced a paper copy with raised dots and dashes, which were translated later by an operator. The Telegraph Spreads Samuel Morse and his associates obtained private funds to extend their line to Philadelphia and New York. Small telegraph companies, meanwhile began functioning in the East, South, and Midwest. Dispatching trains by telegraph started in 1851, the same year Western Union began business. Western Union built its first transcontinental telegraph line in 1861, mainly along railroad rights-of-way. In 1881, the Postal Telegraph System entered the field for economic reasons and later merged with Western Union in 1943. The original Morse telegraph printed code on tape. However, in the United States, the operation developed into a process in which messages were sent by key and received by ear. A trained Morse operator could transmit 40 to 50 words per minute. Automatic transmission, introduced in 1914, handled more than twice that number. In 1900, Canadian Fredrick Creed invented the Creed Telegraph System,  a way to convert Morse code to text. Multiplex Telegraph, Teleprinters, Other Advancements In 1913, Western Union developed multiplexing, which made it possible to transmit eight messages simultaneously over a single wire (four in each direction). Teleprinter machines came into use around  1925 and in 1936 Varioplex was introduced. This enabled a single wire to carry 72 transmissions at the same time (36 in each direction). Two years later, Western Union introduced the first of its automatic facsimile devices. In 1959, Western Union inaugurated TELEX, which enabled subscribers to the teleprinter service to dial each other directly. Telephone Rivals the Telegraph Until 1877, all rapid long-distance communication depended upon the telegraph. That year, a rival technology developed that would again change the face of communication:  the telephone. By 1879, patent litigation between Western Union and the infant telephone system  ended in an agreement that largely separated the two services. While Samuel Morse is best known as the inventor of the telegraph, he is also esteemed for his contributions to American portraiture. His painting is characterized by delicate technique and vigorous honesty and insight into the character of his subjects.

Concerted activity and social networking Research Paper

Concerted activity and social networking - Research Paper Example The same rationale was applied in the case of Crawford v. Metropolitan Government of Nashville and Davidson County of 2009. In this particular case the court held that an employee might not be retaliated against for taking part in an organization’s investigation of a colleague’s complaint (Hogan, 2011). The courts even went on to award a $1.5 million to the staff member who had filed the lawsuit. Even the judge in the Thompson v. North American Stainless case appeared to concur with both judgments when he allowed for a man to sue for retaliatory for being fired just shortly after her spouse filed a sex discrimination charge against her employer who was also his spouse’s employer (Sprague, 2012). It was this kind of reasoning that informed the enactment of the National Labor Relation Act (NLRA) or the law governing the relationship between unions and organization’s management. ... Still the same line of reasoning held sway if a number of rulings that have been made in connection to disparaging remarks made in social media site on employers is anything to go by. The explosion of these social networking has brought about new employment-related issues to the organizations that companies should worry about very much. This explain why new issues like; online harassment and particularly in any of the social sites, theft of company’s secrets by bloggers and ranting from some quarters about YouTube, MySpace, twitter and any other social networking sites; have become common theme is employments seminars. Just as employers are trying to come up with ways and means of dealing with these challenges, a new debate has been kicked-off interrogating the question of whether internet postings constitutes Concerted Activity under the definition of National Labor Relation Act (NLRA).In this regard, NLRA is a law that was enacted in 1935 in order to protect the employeesâ⠂¬â„¢ rights in concerted activity (Smith, 2011). Although the law does not explicitly define what a concerted activity is, case laws have offered what can be looked on as the range of activities that make up concerted activities. These activities include; hour, wages, safety, working condition and also benefits. According to NLRA, these are the activities that should not be prohibited by any policy that a company might decide to implement. As a law, NLRA is the reference point of HR professionals and organizations when it comes to dealing with employees’ social media activities, and particularly Section 7 which provides that â€Å"employees have a right to self-organization, to form, join, or even help labor

Residence discussion its pros and cons Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3500 words

Residence discussion its pros and cons - Essay Example Naturally, under any circumstances and in any situation children’s interests should be of primary concern. If the contact with one of the parents is lost, then future of the child is under the threat of problems and disadvantages. Divorce leads to separation and social dysfunction of the family; but it is not separation itself that is harmful for children; it is the way divorce is handled. The justice system of the United Kingdom is involuntarily daily involved into exclusions of such kind1. Exclusion of one parent makes the child think that the latter is bad; consequently he may think that a part of him is spoiled too. Thus the child’s self-esteem and self-assurance are damaged. These dreadful outcomes of divorces could have been changed by the judicial system if they had eliminated discrimination of one parent with regard to another. Child’s best interests wouldn’t be protected if he lived with one parent; fit biological parents have equal rights and pla y equal roles in the lives of their children. Child’s best interests are in active involvement in his life of both fit biological parents. The Government issued Children Act 1989 is considered to be an initial step in shared residence initiation2. In spite of the fact that many years passed after Children Act adoption, shared residence is still considered to be a novelty in the UK. USA and Canada have more loyal attitude to shared residence and this decision after divorce is considered to be an optimal one. The UK Government should care about the fact that children alienated from one of their parents suffer emotional discord and turbulence. When children have to make choice which parent to ‘prefer’, they feel great emotional stress and self-sacrifice. Therefore Equal Parenting Council approves of shared residence.

ECN 302 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

ECN 302 - Essay Example Over half of the Americans have a contrary view and claim that all the government intervention achieves is causing more damage than benefits, while six percent believe that it had no effect and 17% were found to be unsure (Fox, 2012). In a contemporary era, whereby auto bailouts, maximum debt and Dodd-Frank reform, interventions by the government, seem to be the Obama administration’s solution option, according to the article. The article claims that this stand has created a deep partisan gap between supporters and the opposition of the viewpoint. It highlights that the proposition is gains support mostly from democrats while most republicans and independents oppose the approach. It further explains that more divisions resulted due to class differences, as the wealth class claimed that economy management by the government was helpful while the middle class respondents believed that government control destroyed the economy (Fox, 2012). The model states that the economy will be boosted when the governments spends enormous sums of borrowed funds. The article highlights these as it highlights how the $787 stimulus package involves federal tax reductions and expenditures on infrastructure and other government projects. These will help to address the recession crisis. The model is used to address the sluggish US economy more with the current

We need to respect each other Essay Example for Free

We need to respect each other Essay As-Salamu `Alaykum: This type of greeting is common in the Arab Muslim countries meaning Peace be upon you. This greeting indicates that every person should ask for the well being of others. Respecting each other’s independence, rights and wishing for the well being of others is an integral humanity feature which should exist in every single individual who call himself/herself Human. Bible also says, †Do to others what you want others to do to you. † Thus in almost every religion respecting others emotions, belief, self respect is a must directive. But is that really happening or we just use religion to harm others than safeguarding interest of humanity. The Present day scenario: Today, the world is more like a small village wherein every single person is able to connect himself/herself with the rest of the world. There is freedom of speech and expression in almost all the countries of the world. The standard of living has improved in many countries. But a big problem has also cropped up in this new advanced world. And this new problem is of jealousy. Today no nation wants to be called backward in any field. Every country is trying hard to make more military arrangements than the neighbor. Steps are taken to prove supremacy in trade. Even the sovereignty of other country is also kept on stake just to prove power status of the country. The eastern people in wake of progress adopt culture of the western countries and there by displacing there past ethical values and moral. At once, multiculturalism and the banner of tolerance commands a trivialization of values, while sustainability of tradition seems to ever more hinge on its profitability – where value replaces virtue. This philosophy often rides the coattails of modernization, of westernization. In the race for success and progress we almost forgot to respect each other’s culture, sovereignty, equality and self-respect. Let’s just have an idea of the changes happening in the world and the possible ways of improving our attitudes towards them. East and West. 2. Cultural changes and respect of culture: Culture is infamously difficult to define, harder thus to then preserve. As the habits, lives, and histories of the over 6 billion individuals on our planet entwine. Cultural changes have been dominant in the eastern countries like Japan, China, India, Thailand, Malaysia etc. At these places, people are trying to copy all the ways of living of the western people. Reason being that they believe that by copying such ways they will be called people with class and their country will be identified as developed nation. Anthropologists are always pressed to provide concrete examples, and tangible evidence of their efforts. Highlighting cultural threats or extinction is not as black and white as a corporate bottom line, nor Compared to the West, can we in the GCC (Gulf Cooperation Council) be considered more collective than individualistic. There are advantages and disadvantages to both. Collectivism can lead to heard mentality and a sense of confinement. Individualism can put the success of one at the expense of another or many, and an ultimate alienation of self. Respect of culture is must and need to be recognized as an asset of our forefather’s. These people do not know that the western people are trying to copy the eastern culture as they find eastern culture to be more ethical based and sole soothing. People in western countries are copying the clothing styles of China, marriage rituals of India etc. These people are trying to extract all the moral values from the eastern countries and give to their children whom they find separated from the family values. Risk to sovereignty and respect of sovereignty: Sovereignty means the independence of the country to make decisions of its own without the interference of any other country. Every country today is sovereign but literally. The present fact is that in the wake of proving its autonomy on the world politics, every developed nation is trying to risk other country’s sovereignty. In the field United States is at the top level. By attacking Afghanistan and Iraq in the last few years, the country proved its supremacy over the world politics. But along with that the risk to sovereignty of other countries has again reinstated the tensions of cold war. East and West. 3. The risk of possible Iran and United States war has increased. Reason being that United States do not want a nuclear state in the gulf region to maintain its control over the crude oil. Whereas Iran wants to protect its boundaries from the eyes of the United States resulting in increasing tension in the middle east. The territories of Pakistan are attacked with a view to kill terrorist but against the will of the government of that country. Further more United States is trying in making a deal with India on nuclear supply but on the terms of risking its sovereignty. Respecting each other’s boundary is a must thing but with an attitude like that United States is inviting more enemies from the eastern world. Risk on Equality and respect the idea of equality: Equality is the emphatic commitment to democracy is born of a commitment to equality. Thus every person in this democratic world enjoys equality before law, equality to enjoy fundamental rights etc. Still the equality discriminates in these countries especially in United States. For instance the seventeen-year-old seem fit for political participation than some of the voting population. Regardless, it is a degree of discrimination. Furthermore children address their elders and even parents by their first name in the democratic nation. This may be called equality but along with that it undermines the importance of relationships. Thus democracy in the United States goes far to promote equality though their system does discriminate against age. Conclusion: In the nutshell, we can conclude that independence and respect of each others sovereignty, culture, right to equality, status and power identification in the International affairs is an important factor that should be considered so as to bring about peace in the world.

Haunted, Joyce Carol Oats: Analysis

Haunted, Joyce Carol Oats: Analysis Haunted by Joyce Carol Oates is a great story about two young girls that are, like most young girls, very adventurous. It is a postmodernism story that was highly impacted by the, then new ideas of psychoanalysis. I like the way in this time period that everything isnt happy, its more realistic. Oates did a great job of creating a sense of fragmentation and isolation in this story. Melissa starts with some background, about how everything got started. Talking about how her mother told her ghosts werent real, but just superstition, and how it was unsafe to go tramping around these old abandoned houses. She then gets very jumpy, jumping from past to present. This sort of threw me off, but she accomplished the sense of fragmentation by doing this. She then goes on to say how stories begin with Once upon a time and how she couldnt tell her stories that way, because thats how fairy tales began. In the fifth grade, Melissa had a teacher, Mrs. Harding who was very picky about messy notebooks. More is expected of you, Melissa, so you disappoint me more is what Mrs. Harding would say to Melissa about her journal grade, making her feel isolated. And Mary Lou, her friend wouldnt help the situation any. Mrs. Harding died of a stroke, and Mary Lou blamed it on the two of them, that was because of us, wasnt it, also creating the sense of isolation. Melissa always thought Mary Lou was the prettiest girl, and that she was ugly, again making her feel isolated. Then she jumps back to present time. This part was hard for me to wrap my head around, I had to read the whole story a few times to understand what was going on, but when I did, I really liked it. She talks about how shes older, husband dead for nearly a year..children scattered, once again, isolated. But now it doesnt seem to bother her, she likes the way there is no one to interrupt..no one to pry. But she isnt content with the way she looks, being older, so she avoids mirrors, to make her feel younger. Then she jumps back in time, but not back to her childhood with Mary Lou, but with her husband. They were in a cornfield, and she was running from him, she began to hear the rustling sound, the sound of voices. She felt he could never love her, because she was the ugly one, comparing herself to Mary Lou, whom he had never met. Once again, making her feel isolated. Then back again to her childhood with Mary Lou. A story about the Medlocks, and their farm. Mr. Medlock died in one of the barns, and Mrs. Medlock found him, and how she went crazy and was put in a state hospital. Of course Melissa and Mary Lou wondered if the house or barns were haunted, and they just couldnt stay away. They explored the barns, and peeped in the house windows, and climbed on the roof. Mary Lou would make comments about how shed like to burn this place down, and Melissa would get scared that she really would, again feeling isolated, and Mary Lou would laugh and say she was just playing. Melissas mother hated Mary Lou and tried to get Melissa to make better friends with the other girls. When Mary Lou and Melissa would go to town, Mary Lou would ignore Melissa when the other girls were around, then act like her best friend on the ride home. Once again, Melissa is isolated. Melissa was very jealous of Mary Lous long, blond, silky hair. She would dream about it, but by t he time she woke up, she would be confused if the hair was hers, or someone elses. Mary Lou was older, taller, a bit heavier, and in Melissas eyes, prettier. Melissa noticed that the older boys whistled at her, and the bus driver called her Blondie, but Melissa never got that attention. Mary Lou would make comments about how she wished all the cows would die..so her father would give up and sell the farm and they could live in town in a nice house and to Melissa, Mary Lou wanted to abandon her. Again, Melissa was feeling isolated. Later Melissa found out that the bank owned most of Mary Lous familys farm, even the dairy cows. In seventh grade, Mary Lou had a boyfriend who was older, and she picked Hans over Melissa, leaving her walking on the road by herself. She said she preferred to be alone, so she was isolated, but this time, by choice. Around this time, Melissa and Mary Lou go to the Minton house, where a man beat his wife to death and no one found out until he killed himself with a .12-guage shotgun. From the road the house looked big, and it seemed hard to believe that anything like that happened, but Melissa was wrong. Inside the house, Melissa heard low persistent murmuring but Mary Lou didnt act like she heard it, once again Melissa is isolated. Hans had stopped coming around, Mary Lous father had found out about it, Mary Lou would say I hate them all, and I wish.. which Im sure she would have taken back if she knew what was to become of her. They picked the Minton farm as the one they liked the best, picnicking on the front porch, acting like sisters, acting like they lived there. Melissa went back herself a few days later, and thats when she went upstairs and the woman greeted her. She was alone, but wasnt afraid. When the person told her to come away from the window, she took her time. This really surprised me, but this is probably the first time in the whole story that she didnt really feel isolated, but I definitely would! The way Oates didnt use quotation marks on what the person said to Melissa, until Melissa saw the woman confused me. The woman punished her, she became scared, then let her go. This is where the psychoanalysis comes in. Is she dreaming this woman is there, and this punishment happened? Because she talks about how she doesnt mind the smell of the room, and how its not her doing these things (taking off her pants/panties and lying down on the nasty bed.) Melissa told Mary Lou about the Minton house, but not that the woman wanted to see her like the woman asked, and Mary Lou went anyway. I think this is the first time in the story where Melissa feels like shes in control when it comes to hers and Mary Lous friendship., but this is what costs her the friendship. Mary Lou makes the comment I hate you..I always have and yes, again, Melissa is isolated. Then back to present day, and Melissa is confused. She knows what has happened in her life, but not what has happened in the pages of the notebook. Mary Lou was found murdered ten days after her hateful comment to Melissa, and Im sure Melissa felt as if it was partly her fault. Her mother made sure she knew that Jesus loves her too, and her parents wouldnt let her to go the funeral. Im sure she felt isolated. She finishes up the story with how she doesnt remember things that just happened as well as things that happened in the past, and with Once upon a time. Oates did a really good job of writing this story. It was very believable, if it wasnt true. She did a good job of using psychoanalysis, and a constant feel of isolation. I liked it a lot, I liked most of the Modernism/Postmodernism stories.